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0#翻译
Appendix H: Request and Response Objects
----------------------------------------
附录H HTTP请求(Request)和回应(Response)对象
-----------------------------------------------
1482天前 翻译
1#翻译
Django uses request and response objects to pass state through the system.
Django使用request和response对象在系统间传递状态。
566天前 翻译
2#翻译
When a page is requested, Django creates an ``HttpRequest`` object that
contains metadata about the request. Then Django loads the appropriate view,
passing the ``HttpRequest`` as the first argument to the view function. Each
view is responsible for returning an ``HttpResponse`` object.
当一个页面被请示时,Django创建一个包含请求元数据的 ``HttpRequest`` 对象。
然后Django调入合适的视图,把 ``HttpRequest`` 作为视图函数的第一个参数
传入。每个视图要负责返回一个 ``HttpResponse`` 对象。
566天前 翻译
3#翻译
Weve used these objects often throughout the book; this appendix explains the
complete APIs for ``HttpRequest`` and ``HttpResponse`` objects.
我们在书中已经使用过这些对象了;这篇附录说明了 ``HttpRequest`` 和 ``HttpResponse`` 
的全部API。
1449天前 翻译
4#翻译
HttpRequest
```````````
HttpRequest对象
`````````````````
1268天前 翻译
5#翻译
``HttpRequest`` represents a single HTTP request from some user-agent.
``HttpRequest`` 表示来自某客户端的一个单独的HTTP请求。
1401天前 翻译
6#翻译
Much of the important information about the request is available as attributes
on the ``HttpRequest`` instance (see Table H-1). All attributes except
``session`` should be considered read-only.
HttpRequest实例的属性包含了关于此次请求的大多数重要信息(详见表H-1)。 除了session外的所有属性都应该认为是只读的.
1166天前 翻译
7#翻译
.. table:: Table H-1. Attributes of HttpRequest Objects

    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |Attribute        |Description                                                |
    +=================+===========================================================+
    |``path``         |A string representing the full path to the requested page, |
    |                 |not including the domain for example,                      |
    |                 |``"/music/bands/the_beatles/"`` .                          |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``method``       |A string representing the HTTP method used in the request. |
    |                 |This is guaranteed to be uppercase. For example:           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |::                                                         |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |    if request.method == 'GET':                            |
    |                 |        do_something()                                     |
    |                 |    elif request.method == 'POST':                         |
    |                 |        do_something_else()                                |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |..                                                         |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``GET``          |A dictionary-like object containing all given HTTP GET     |
    |                 |parameters. See the upcoming ``QueryDict`` documentation.  |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``POST``         |A dictionary-like object containing all given HTTP POST    |
    |                 |parameters. See the upcoming ``QueryDict`` documentation.  |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |Its possible that a request can come in via POST with an   |
    |                 |empty ``POST`` dictionary if, say, a form is requested via |
    |                 |the POST HTTP method but does not include form data.       |
    |                 |Therefore, you shouldnt use ``if request.POST`` to check   |
    |                 |for use of the POST method; instead, use ``if              |
    |                 |request.method == "POST"`` (see the ``method`` entry in    |
    |                 |this table).                                               |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |Note: ``POST`` does *not* include file-upload information. |
    |                 |See ``FILES`` .                                            |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``REQUEST``      |For convenience, a dictionary-like object that searches    |
    |                 |``POST`` first, and then ``GET`` . Inspired by PHPs        |
    |                 |``$_REQUEST`` .                                            |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |For example, if ``GET = {"name": "john"}`` and ``POST =    |
    |                 |{"age": '34'}`` , ``REQUEST["name"]`` would be ``"john"`` ,|
    |                 |and ``REQUEST["age"]`` would be ``"34"`` .                 |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |Its strongly suggested that you use ``GET`` and ``POST``   |
    |                 |instead of ``REQUEST`` , because the former are more       |
    |                 |explicit.                                                  |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``COOKIES``      |A standard Python dictionary containing all cookies. Keys  |
    |                 |and values are strings. See Chapter 12 for more on using   |
    |                 |cookies.                                                   |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``FILES``        |A dictionary-like object containing all uploaded files.    |
    |                 |Each key in ``FILES`` is the ``name`` from the ``<input    |
    |                 |type="file" name="" />`` . Each value in ``FILES`` is a    |
    |                 |standard Python dictionary with the following three keys:  |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``filename`` : The name of the uploaded file, as a     |
    |                 |    Python string                                          |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``content-type`` : The content type of the uploaded    |
    |                 |    file.                                                  |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``content`` : The raw content of the uploaded file.    |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |Note that ``FILES`` will contain data only if the request  |
    |                 |method was ``POST`` and the ``<form>`` that posted to the  |
    |                 |request had ``enctype="multipart/form-data"`` . Otherwise, |
    |                 |``FILES`` will be a blank dictionary-like object.          |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``META``         |A standard Python dictionary containing all available HTTP |
    |                 |headers. Available headers depend on the client and server,|
    |                 |but here are some examples:                                |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``CONTENT_LENGTH``                                     |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``CONTENT_TYPE``                                       |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``QUERY_STRING`` : The raw unparsed query string       |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``REMOTE_ADDR`` : The IP address of the client         |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``REMOTE_HOST`` : The hostname of the client           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``SERVER_NAME`` : The hostname of the server.          |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``SERVER_PORT`` : The port of the server               |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |Any HTTP headers are available in ``META`` as keys prefixed|
    |                 |with ``HTTP_`` , for example:                              |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING``                               |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE``                               |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``HTTP_HOST`` : The HTTP ``Host`` header sent by the   |
    |                 |    client                                                 |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``HTTP_REFERER`` : The referring page, if any          |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``HTTP_USER_AGENT`` : The clients user-agent string    |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``HTTP_X_BENDER`` : The value of the ``X-Bender``      |
    |                 |    header, if set                                         |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``user``         |A ``django.contrib.auth.models.User`` object representing  |
    |                 |the currently logged-in user. If the user isnt currently   |
    |                 |logged in, ``user`` will be set to an instance of          |
    |                 |``django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser`` . You can tell|
    |                 |them apart with ``is_authenticated()`` , like so:          |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |::                                                         |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |    if request.user.is_authenticated():                    |
    |                 |        # Do something for logged-in users.                |
    |                 |    else:                                                  |
    |                 |        # Do something for anonymous users.                |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |..                                                         |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |``user`` is available only if your Django installation has |
    |                 |the ``AuthenticationMiddleware`` activated.                |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |For the complete details of authentication and users, see  |
    |                 |Chapter 12.                                                |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``session``      |A readable and writable, dictionary-like object that       |
    |                 |represents the current session. This is available only if  |
    |                 |your Django installation has session support activated. See|
    |                 |Chapter 12.                                                |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``raw_post_data``|The raw HTTP POST data. This is useful for advanced        |
    |                 |processing.                                                |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    
.. table:: 表 H-1. HttpRequest对象的属性

    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |属性             |描述                                                       |
    +=================+===========================================================+
    | ``path``        |表示提交请求页面完整地址的字符串,                         |
    |                 |不包括域名,如 ``"/music/bands/the_beatles/"`` 。          |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``method``       |表示提交请求使用的HTTP方法。                               |
    |                 |它总是大写的。例如:                                       |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |::                                                         |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |    if request.method == 'GET':                            |
    |                 |        do_something()                                     |
    |                 |    elif request.method == 'POST':                         |
    |                 |        do_something_else()                                |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |..                                                         |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``GET``          |一个类字典对象,包含所有的HTTP的GET参数的信息。            |
    |                 |见 ``QueryDict`` 文档。                                    |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``POST``         |一个类字典对象,包含所有的HTTP的POST参数的信息。           |
    |                 |见 ``QueryDict`` 文档。                                    |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |通过POST提交的请求有可能包含一个空的 ``POST`` 字典,       |
    |                 |也就是说, 一个通过POST方法提交的表单可能不包含数据。      |
    |                 |因此,不应该使用 ``if request.POST`` 来判断POST方法的使用,|
    |                 |而是使用 ``if request.method == "POST"``                   |
    |                 |(见表中的 ``method`` 条目)。                             |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |注意: ``POST`` 并 *不* 包含文件上传信息。                 |
    |                 |见 ``FILES`` 。                                            |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``REQUEST``      |为了方便而创建,这是一个类字典对象,先搜索 ``POST`` ,     |
    |                 |再搜索 ``GET`` 。 灵感来自于PHP的 ``$_REQEUST`` 。         |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |例如, 若 ``GET = {"name": "john"}`` , ``POST =           |
    |                 |{"age": '34'}`` , ``REQUEST["name"]`` 会是 ``"john"`` ,  |
    |                 |``REQUEST["age"]`` 会是 ``"34"`` 。                        |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |强烈建议使用 ``GET`` 和 ``POST`` ,而不是 ``REQUEST`` 。   |
    |                 |这是为了向前兼容和更清楚的表示。                           |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``COOKIES``      |一个标准的Python字典,包含所有cookie。                     |
    |                 |键和值都是字符串。cookie使用的更多信息见第12章。           |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``FILES``        |一个类字典对象,包含所有上传的文件。                       |
    |                 |``FILES`` 的键来自 ``<input type="file" name="" />``       |
    |                 |中的 ``name`` 。 ``FILES`` 的值是一个标准的Python字典,    |
    |                 |包含以下三个键:                                           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``filename`` :字符串,表示上传文件的文件名。          |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``content-type`` :上传文件的内容类型。                |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``content`` :上传文件的原始内容。                     |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |注意 ``FILES`` 只在请求的方法是 ``POST`` ,并且提交的      |
    |                 |``<form>`` 包含 ``enctype="multipart/form-data"`` 时       |
    |                 |才包含数据。否则, ``FILES`` 只是一个空的类字典对象。      |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``META``         |一个标准的Python字典,包含所有有效的HTTP头信息。           |
    |                 |有效的头信息与客户端和服务器有关。                         |
    |                 |这里有几个例子:                                           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``CONTENT_LENGTH``                                     |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``CONTENT_TYPE``                                       |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``QUERY_STRING`` :未解析的原始请求字符串。            |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``REMOTE_ADDR`` :客户端IP地址。                       |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``REMOTE_HOST`` :客户端主机名。                       |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``SERVER_NAME`` :服务器主机名。                       |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``SERVER_PORT`` :服务器端口号。                       |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |在 ``META`` 中有效的任一HTTP头信息都是带有 ``HTTP_`` 前缀的|
    |                 |键,例如:                                                 |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING``                               |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE``                               |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``HTTP_HOST`` :客户端发送的 ``Host`` 头信息。         |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``HTTP_REFERER`` :被指向的页面,如果存在的。          |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``HTTP_USER_AGENT`` :客户端的user-agent字符串。       |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |*   ``HTTP_X_BENDER`` : ``X-Bender`` 头信息的值,         |
    |                 |    如果已设的话。                                         |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``user``         |一个 ``django.contrib.auth.models.User`` 对象表示          |
    |                 |当前登录用户。 若当前用户尚未登录,                        |
    |                 |``user`` 会设为                                            |
    |                 |``django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser`` 的一个实例。  |
    |                 |可以将它们与 ``is_authenticated()`` 区别开:               |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |::                                                         |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |    if request.user.is_authenticated():                    |
    |                 |        # Do something for logged-in users.                |
    |                 |    else:                                                  |
    |                 |        # Do something for anonymous users.                |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |..                                                         |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |``user`` 仅当Django激活 ``AuthenticationMiddleware``       |
    |                 |时有效。                                                   |
    |                 |                                                           |
    |                 |关于认证和用户的完整细节,见第12章。                       |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``session``      |一个可读写的类字典对象,表示当前session。                  |
    |                 |仅当Django已激活session支持时有效。                        |
    |                 |见第12章。                                                 |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    |``raw_post_data``|POST的原始数据。 用于对数据的复杂处理。                    |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    
1235天前 翻译
10#翻译
Request objects also have a few useful methods, as shown in Table H-2.
Request对象同样包含了一些有用的方法,见表H-2。
1235天前 翻译
11#翻译
.. table:: Table H-2. HttpRequest Methods

    +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    |Method              |Description                                             |
    +====================+========================================================+
    |``__getitem__(key)``|Returns the GET/POST value for the given key, checking  |
    |                    |POST first, and then GET. Raises ``KeyError`` if the key|
    |                    |doesnt exist.                                           |
    |                    |                                                        |
    |                    |This lets you use dictionary-accessing syntax on an     |
    |                    |``HttpRequest`` instance.                               |
    |                    |                                                        |
    |                    |For example, ``request["foo"]`` is the same as checking |
    |                    |``request.POST["foo"]`` and then ``request.GET["foo"]`` |
    |                    |.                                                       |
    +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    |``has_key()``       |Returns ``True`` or ``False`` , designating whether     |
    |                    |``request.GET`` or ``request.POST`` has the given key.  |
    +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    |``get_full_path()`` |Returns the ``path`` , plus an appended query string, if|
    |                    |applicable. For example,                                |
    |                    |``"/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true"``              |
    +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    |``is_secure()``     |Returns ``True`` if the request is secure; that is, if  |
    |                    |it was made with HTTPS.                                 |
    +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    
.. table:: 表 H-2. HttpRequest 的方法

    +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    |方法                |描述                                                    |
    +====================+========================================================+
    |``__getitem__(key)``|请求所给键的GET/POST值,先查找POST,然后是GET。         |
    |                    |若键不存在,则引发异常 ``KeyError`` 。                  |
    |                    |                                                        |
    |                    |该方法使用户可以以访问字典的方式来访问一个              |
    |                    |``HttpRequest`` 实例。                                  |
    |                    |                                                        |
    |                    |例如, ``request["foo"]`` 和先检查                      |
    |                    |``request.POST["foo"]`` 再检查 ``request.GET["foo"]`` 一|
    |                    |样。                                                    |
    +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    |``has_key()``       |返回 ``True`` 或 ``False`` ,                           |
    |                    |标识 ``request.GET`` 或 ``request.POST`` 是否包含所给的 |
    |                    |键。                                                    |
    +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    |``get_full_path()`` |返回 ``path`` ,若请求字符串有效,则附加于其后。        |
    |                    |例如, ``"/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true"`` 。    |
    +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    |``is_secure()``     |如果请求是安全的,则返回 ``True`` 。                    |
    |                    |也就是说,请求是以HTTPS的形式提交的。                   |
    +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    
1235天前 翻译
14#翻译
QueryDict Objects
'''''''''''''''''
QueryDict 对象
'''''''''''''''''
1293天前 翻译
15#翻译
In an ``HttpRequest`` object, the ``GET`` and ``POST`` attributes are instances
of ``django.http.QueryDict`` . ``QueryDict`` is a dictionary-like class
customized to deal with multiple values for the same key. This is necessary
because some HTML form elements, notably ``<select multiple="multiple">`` ,
pass multiple values for the same key.
在一个 ``HttpRequest`` 对象中, ``GET`` 和 ``POST`` 属性都是 ``django.http.QueryDict`` 的实例。 ``QueryDict`` 是一个类似于字典的类,专门用来处理用一个键的多值。当处理一些HTML表单中的元素,特别是 ``<select multiple="multiple">`` 之类传递同一key的多值的元素时,就需要这个类了。
1268天前 翻译
16#翻译
``QueryDict`` instances are immutable, unless you create a ``copy()`` of them.
That means you cant change attributes of ``request.POST`` and ``request.GET``
directly.
``QueryDict`` 实例是不可变的,除非创建了一个 ``copy()`` 副本。也就是说不能直接更改 ``request.POST`` 和 ``request.GET`` 的属性。
1235天前 翻译
17#翻译
``QueryDict`` implements the all standard dictionary methods, because its a
subclass of dictionary. Exceptions are outlined in Table H-3.
``QueryDict`` 实现了所有标准的字典的方法,因为它正是字典的一个子类。与其不同的东西都已在表H-3中列出。
1270天前 翻译
18#翻译
.. table:: Table H-3. How QueryDicts Differ from StandardDictionaries.

    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    |Method         |Differences from Standard dict Implementation                |
    +===============+=============================================================+
    |``__getitem__``|Works just like a dictionary. However, if the key has more   |
    |               |than one value, ``__getitem__()`` returns the last value.    |
    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    |``__setitem__``|Sets the given key to ``[value]`` (a Python list whose single|
    |               |element is ``value`` ). Note that this, as other dictionary  |
    |               |functions that have side effects, can be called only on a    |
    |               |mutable ``QueryDict`` (one that was created via ``copy()`` ).|
    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    |``get()``      |If the key has more than one value, ``get()`` returns the    |
    |               |last value just like ``__getitem__`` .                       |
    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    |``update()``   |Takes either a ``QueryDict`` or standard dictionary. Unlike  |
    |               |the standard dictionarys ``update`` method, this method      |
    |               |*appends* to the current dictionary items rather than        |
    |               |replacing them:                                              |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |::                                                           |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |    >>> q = QueryDict('a=1')                                 |
    |               |    >>> q = q.copy() # to make it mutable                    |
    |               |    >>> q.update({'a': '2'})                                 |
    |               |    >>> q.getlist('a')                                       |
    |               |    ['1', '2']                                               |
    |               |    >>> q['a'] # returns the last                            |
    |               |    ['2']                                                    |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |..                                                           |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |                                                             |
    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    |``items()``    |Just like the standard dictionary ``items()`` method, except |
    |               |this uses the same last-value logic as ``__getitem()__`` :   |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |::                                                           |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |    >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')                         |
    |               |    >>> q.items()                                            |
    |               |    [('a', '3')]                                             |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |..                                                           |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |                                                             |
    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    |``values()``   |Just like the standard dictionary ``values()`` method, except|
    |               |this uses the same last-value logic as ``__getitem()__`` .   |
    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    
.. table:: 表 H-3. QueryDicts 与标准字典的区别

    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    |方法           |与标准字典实现的不同                                         |
    +===============+=============================================================+
    |``__getitem__``|与一个字典一样。但是,当一个键有多个值时,                   |
    |               |``__getitem__()`` 返回最后一个值。                           |
    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    |``__setitem__``|将所给键的值设为 ``[value]`` (一个只有一个 ``value`` 元素的 |
    |               |Python列表)。 注意,因对其它的字典函数有副作用,故它只能被称|
    |               |为一个可变的 ``QueryDict`` (通过 ``copy()`` 创建)。        |
    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    |``get()``      |如果一个键多个值,和 ``__getitem__`` 一样, ``get()`` 返回   |
    |               |最后一个值。                                                 |
    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    |``update()``   |参数是一个 ``QueryDict`` 或标准字典。 和标准字典的           |
    |               | ``update`` 不同,这个方法*增加*而不是替换一项内容:         |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |::                                                           |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |    >>> q = QueryDict('a=1')                                 |
    |               |    >>> q = q.copy() # 使其可变                              |
    |               |    >>> q.update({'a': '2'})                                 |
    |               |    >>> q.getlist('a')                                       |
    |               |    ['1', '2']                                               |
    |               |    >>> q['a'] # 返回最后一个值                              |
    |               |    ['2']                                                    |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |..                                                           |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |                                                             |
    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    |``items()``    |和标准字典的 ``items()`` 方法一样, 不同的是它和             |
    |               |``__getitem()__`` 一样,返回最后一个值:                     |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |::                                                           |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |    >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')                         |
    |               |    >>> q.items()                                            |
    |               |    [('a', '3')]                                             |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |..                                                           |
    |               |                                                             |
    |               |                                                             |
    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    |``values()``   |和标准字典的 ``values()`` 方法一样, 不同的是它和            |
    |               |``__getitem()__`` 一样,返回最后一个值。                     |
    +---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    
1235天前 翻译
21#翻译
In addition, ``QueryDict`` has the methods shown in Table H-4.
另外, ``QueryDict`` 还有在表H-4中列出的方法。
1270天前 翻译
22#翻译
.. table:: H-4. Extra (Nondictionary) QueryDict Methods

    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |Method               |Description                                            |
    +=====================+=======================================================+
    |``copy()``           |Returns a copy of the object, using ``copy.deepcopy()``|
    |                     |from the Python standard library. The copy will be     |
    |                     |mutable that is, you can change its values.            |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |``getlist(key)``     |Returns the data with the requested key, as a Python   |
    |                     |list. Returns an empty list if the key doesnt exist.   |
    |                     |Its guaranteed to return a list of some sort.          |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |``setlist(key,       |Sets the given key to ``list_`` (unlike                |
    |list_)``             |``__setitem__()`` ).                                   |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |``appendlist(key,    |Appends an item to the internal list associated with   |
    |item)``              |``key`` .                                              |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |``setlistdefault(key,|Just like ``setdefault`` , except it takes a list of   |
    |l)``                 |values instead of a single value.                      |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |``lists()``          |Like ``items()`` , except it includes all values, as a |
    |                     |list, for each member of the dictionary. For example:  |
    |                     |                                                       |
    |                     |::                                                     |
    |                     |                                                       |
    |                     |                                                       |
    |                     |    >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')                   |
    |                     |    >>> q.lists()                                      |
    |                     |    [('a', ['1', '2', '3'])]                           |
    |                     |                                                       |
    |                     |..                                                     |
    |                     |                                                       |
    |                     |                                                       |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |``urlencode()``      |Returns a string of the data in query-string format    |
    |                     |(e.g., ``"a=2&b=3&b=5"`` ).                            |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    
.. table:: 表 H-4. 附加的 (非字典的) QueryDict 方法

    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |方法                 |描述                                                   |
    +=====================+=======================================================+
    |``copy()``           |返回一个对象的副本,使用的是Python标准库中的           |
    |                     |``copy.deepcopy()`` 。 该副本是可变的,                |
    |                     |也就是说,你能改变它的值。                             |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |``getlist(key)``     |以Python列表的形式返回所请求键的数据。                 |
    |                     |若键不存在则返回空列表。                               |
    |                     |它保证了一定会返回某种形式的list。                     |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |``setlist(key,       |将所给键的键值设为 ``list_``                           |
    |list_)``             |(与 ``__setitem__()`` 不同)。                        |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |``appendlist(key,    |在 ``key`` 相关的list上增加 ``item`` 。                |
    |item)``              |                                                       |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |``setlistdefault(key,|和 ``setdefault`` 一样, 不同的是它的第二个参数是      |
    |l)``                 |一个列表,而不是一个值。                               |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |``lists()``          |和 ``items()`` 一样, 不同的是它以一个列表的形式       |
    |                     |返回字典每一个成员的所有值。 例如:                    |
    |                     |                                                       |
    |                     |::                                                     |
    |                     |                                                       |
    |                     |                                                       |
    |                     |    >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')                   |
    |                     |    >>> q.lists()                                      |
    |                     |    [('a', ['1', '2', '3'])]                           |
    |                     |                                                       |
    |                     |..                                                     |
    |                     |                                                       |
    |                     |                                                       |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    |``urlencode()``      |返回一个请求字符串格式的数据字符串                     |
    |                     |(如, ``"a=2&b=3&b=5"`` )。                          |
    +---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
    
1235天前 翻译
25#翻译
A Complete Example
''''''''''''''''''
一个完整的例子
''''''''''''''''''
1381天前 翻译
26#翻译
For example, given this HTML form:
例如, 给定这个HTML表单:
1381天前 翻译
29#翻译
if the user enters ``"John Smith"`` in the ``your_name`` field and selects both
The Beatles and The Zombies in the multiple select box, heres what Djangos
request object would have:
如果用户在 ``your_name`` 中输入 ``"John Smith"`` ,并且在多选框中同时选择了The Beatles和The Zombies,那么以下就是Django的request对象所拥有的:
933天前 翻译
32#翻译
Implementation Note:
使用时请注意:
1268天前 翻译
33#翻译
The ``GET`` , ``POST`` , ``COOKIES`` , ``FILES`` , ``META`` , ``REQUEST`` ,
``raw_post_data`` , and ``user`` attributes are all lazily loaded. That means
Django doesnt spend resources calculating the values of those attributes until
your code requests them.
``GET`` , ``POST`` , ``COOKIES`` , ``FILES`` , ``META`` , ``REQUEST`` ,
``raw_post_data`` 和 ``user`` 这些属性都是延迟加载的。 也就是说除非代码中访问它们,否则Django并不会花费资源来计算这些属性值。
1269天前 翻译
34#翻译
HttpResponse
````````````
HttpResponse
````````````
1272天前 翻译
35#翻译
In contrast to ``HttpRequest`` objects, which are created automatically by
Django, ``HttpResponse`` objects are your responsibility. Each view you write
is responsible for instantiating, populating, and returning an ``HttpResponse``
.
与Django自动创建的 ``HttpRequest`` 对象相比, ``HttpResponse`` 对象则是由你创建的。
你创建的每个视图都需要实例化,处理和返回一个 ``HttpResponse`` 对象。
1270天前 翻译
36#翻译
The ``HttpResponse`` class lives at ``django.http.HttpResponse`` .
``HttpResponse`` 类存在于 ``django.http.HttpResponse`` 。

1270天前 翻译
37#翻译
Construction HttpResponses
''''''''''''''''''''''''''
构造HttpResponse
''''''''''''''''''''''''''
1272天前 翻译
38#翻译
Typically, youll construct an ``HttpResponse`` to pass the contents of the
page, as a string, to the ``HttpResponse`` constructor:
一般情况下,你创建一个 ``HttpResponse`` 时,以字符串的形式来传递页面的内容给 ``HttpResponse`` 的构造函数:
1270天前 translating.... 翻译
41#翻译
But if you want to add content incrementally, you can use ``response`` as a
filelike object:
但是如果希望逐渐增加内容,则可以把 ``response`` 当作一个类文件对象使用:
1270天前 翻译
44#翻译
You can pass ``HttpResponse`` an iterator rather than passing it hard-coded
strings. If you use this technique, follow these guidelines:
你可以将一个迭代器传递给 ``HttpResponse`` ,而不是固定的字符串。如果你要这样做的话,请遵循以下规则:
1270天前 翻译
45#翻译
*   The iterator should return strings.
*   迭代器应返回字符串。
1270天前 翻译
46#翻译
*   If an ``HttpResponse`` has been initialized with an iterator as its
    content, you cant use the ``HttpResponse`` instance as a filelike object.
    Doing so will raise ``Exception`` .
*   若一个 ``HttpResponse`` 已经通过实例化,并以一个迭代器作为其内容,就不能以一个类文件对象使用 ``HttpResponse`` 实例。这样做的话,会导致一个 ``Exception`` 。
1270天前 翻译
47#翻译
Finally, note that ``HttpResponse`` implements a ``write()`` method, which
makes is suitable for use anywhere that Python expects a filelike object. See
Chapter 11 for some examples of using this technique.
最后,注意 ``HttpResponse`` 实现了一个 ``write()`` 方法,使其可以在任何可以使用类文件对象的地方使用。
这方面的例子见第11章。
1270天前 翻译
48#翻译
Setting Headers
'''''''''''''''
设置 Headers
'''''''''''''''
1270天前 翻译
49#翻译
You can add and delete headers using dictionary syntax:
您可以使用字典一样地添加和删除头信息。
1268天前 翻译
52#翻译
You can also use ``has_header(header)`` to check for the existence of a header.
你也可以使用  ``has_header(header)``  来检查一个头信息项是否存在。
1268天前 翻译
53#翻译
Avoid setting ``Cookie`` headers by hand; instead, see Chapter 12 for
instructions on how cookies work in Django.
请避免手工设置 ``Cookie`` 头,参见第12章Django中cookie工作原理的说明。
1235天前 翻译
54#翻译
HttpResponse Subclasses
'''''''''''''''''''''''
HttpResponse的子类
'''''''''''''''''''''''
1395天前 翻译
55#翻译
Django includes a number of ``HttpResponse`` subclasses that handle different
types of HTTP responses (see Table H-5). Like ``HttpResponse`` , these
subclasses live in ``django.http`` .
Django包含许多处理不同类型的HTTP请求的 ``HttpResponse`` 子类(见表H-5)。像 ``HttpResponse`` 一样,这些类在 ``django.http`` 中。
1235天前 翻译
56#翻译
.. table:: Table H-5. HttpResponse Subclasses

    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |Class                            |Description                                |
    +=================================+===========================================+
    |``HttpResponseRedirect``         |The constructor takes a single argument:   |
    |                                 |the path to redirect to. This can be a     |
    |                                 |fully qualified URL (e.g.,                 |
    |                                 |``'http://search.yahoo.com/'`` ) or an     |
    |                                 |absolute URL with no domain (e.g.,         |
    |                                 |``'/search/'`` ). Note that this returns an|
    |                                 |HTTP status code 302.                      |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponsePermanentRedirect``|Like ``HttpResponseRedirect`` , but it     |
    |                                 |returns a permanent redirect (HTTP status  |
    |                                 |code 301) instead of a found redirect      |
    |                                 |(status code 302).                         |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseNotModified``      |The constructor doesnt take any arguments. |
    |                                 |Use this to designate that a page hasnt    |
    |                                 |been modified since the users last request.|
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseBadRequest``       |Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a |
    |                                 |400 status code.                           |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseNotFound``         |Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a |
    |                                 |404 status code.                           |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseForbidden``        |Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a |
    |                                 |403 status code.                           |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseNotAllowed``       |Like ``HttpResponse`` , but uses a 405     |
    |                                 |status code. It takes a single, required   |
    |                                 |argument: a list of permitted methods      |
    |                                 |(e.g., ``['GET', 'POST']`` ).              |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseGone``             |Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a |
    |                                 |410 status code.                           |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseServerError``      |Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a |
    |                                 |500 status code.                           |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    
.. table:: 表 H-5. HttpResponse 子类

    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |类名                             |描述                                       |
    +=================================+===========================================+
    |``HttpResponseRedirect``         |构造函数的参数有一个:                     |
    |                                 |重定向的路径。 它可以是一个完整的URL       |
    |                                 |(例如, ``'http://search.yahoo.com/'`` ) |
    |                                 |或者不包括域名的绝对路径(如               |
    |                                 |``'/search/'`` )。 注意它返回             |
    |                                 |HTTP 状态码 302。                          |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponsePermanentRedirect``|类似 ``HttpResponseRedirect`` , 但是它    |
    |                                 |返回一个永久重定向 (HTTP 状态码 301),     |
    |                                 |而不是暂时性重定向(状态码302)。            |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseNotModified``      |构造函数没有任何参数。                     |
    |                                 |用它来表示这个页面在上次请求后未改变。     |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseBadRequest``       |类似 ``HttpResponse`` ,但使用400状态码。  |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseNotFound``         |类似 ``HttpResponse`` ,但使用404状态码。  |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseForbidden``        |类似 ``HttpResponse`` ,但使用403状态码。  |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseNotAllowed``       |类似 ``HttpResponse`` ,但使用405状态码。  |
    |                                 |它必须有一个参数:                         |
    |                                 |允许方法的列表。                           |
    |                                 |(例如, ``['GET', 'POST']`` )。          |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseGone``             |类似 ``HttpResponse`` ,但使用410状态码。  |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    |``HttpResponseServerError``      |类似 ``HttpResponse`` ,但使用500状态码。  |
    +---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    
1068天前 翻译
59#翻译
You can, of course, define your own ``HttpResponse`` subclass to support
different types of responses not supported out of the box.
当然,如果框架不支持一些特性,你也可以定义自己的 ``HttpResponse`` 子类来处理不同的请求。
1270天前 翻译
60#翻译
Returning Errors
''''''''''''''''
返回错误
''''''''''''''''
1381天前 翻译
61#翻译
Returning HTTP error codes in Django is easy. Weve already mentioned the
``HttpResponseNotFound`` , ``HttpResponseForbidden`` ,
``HttpResponseServerError`` , and other subclasses. Just return an instance of
one of those subclasses instead of a normal ``HttpResponse`` in order to
signify an error, for example:
在Django中返回HTTP错误代码很容易。我们前面已经提到 ``HttpResponseNotFound`` , ``HttpResponseForbidden`` , ``HttpResponseServerError`` ,和其它子类。为了更好地表示一个错误,只要返回这些子类之一的一个实例,而不是一个通常的 ``HttpResponse`` ,例如:
1270天前 翻译
64#翻译
Because a 404 error is by far the most common HTTP error, theres an easier way
to handle it.
至今为止,404错误是最常见的HTTP错误,有一种更容易的方式来处理。
1272天前 翻译
65#翻译
When you return an error such as ``HttpResponseNotFound`` , youre responsible
for defining the HTML of the resulting error page:
当返回一个错误,比如 ``HttpResponseNotFound`` 时,需要定义错误页面的HTML:
1270天前 翻译
68#翻译
For convenience, and because its a good idea to have a consistent 404 error
page across your site, Django provides an ``Http404`` exception. If you raise
``Http404`` at any point in a view function, Django will catch it and return
the standard error page for your application, along with an HTTP error code
404.
为了方便,而且定义一个通用的应用于网站的404错误页面也是一个很好的选择,Django提供了一个 ``Http404`` 异常。如果在视图的任何地方引发 ``Http404`` 异常,Django就会捕获错误并返回应用程序的标准错误页面,当然,还有HTTP错误代码404。
1270天前 翻译
69#翻译
Heres an example:
例如:
1270天前 翻译
72#翻译
In order to use the ``Http404`` exception to its fullest, you should create a
template that is displayed when a 404 error is raised. This template should be
called ``404.html`` , and it should be located in the top level of your
template tree.
为了完全发挥出 ``Http404`` 的功能,应创建一个模板,在404错误被引发时显示。模板的名字应该是 ``404.html`` ,而且应该位于模板树的最高层。
1270天前 翻译
73#翻译
Customizing the 404 (Not Found) View
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
自定义 404 (无法找到) 视图
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
1270天前 翻译
74#翻译
When you raise an ``Http404`` exception, Django loads a special view devoted to
handling 404 errors. By default, its the view
``django.views.defaults.page_not_found`` , which loads and renders the template
``404.html`` .
当引发 ``Http404`` 异常,Django加载一个专门处理404错误的视图。默认情况下,这个视图是 ``django.views.defaults.page_not_found`` ,它会加载并显示模板 ``404.html`` 。
1270天前 翻译
75#翻译
This means you need to define a ``404.html`` template in your root template
directory. This template will be used for all 404 errors.
这意味着需要在根模板目录定义一个 ``404.html`` 模板。这个模板会作用于所有404错误。
1270天前 翻译
76#翻译
This ``page_not_found`` view should suffice for 99% of Web applications, but if
you want to override the 404 view, you can specify ``handler404`` in your
URLconf, like so:
视图 ``page_not_found`` 适用于99%的网站应用程序,但若是希望重载该视图,可以在URLconf中指定 ``handler404`` ,就像这样:sfas
1166天前 翻译
79#翻译
Behind the scenes, Django determines the 404 view by looking for ``handler404``
. By default, URLconfs contain the following line:
后台执行时,Django以 ``handler404`` 来确定404视图。默认情况下,URLconf包含以下内容:
1270天前 翻译
82#翻译
That takes care of setting ``handler404`` in the current module. As you can see
in ``django/conf/urls/defaults.py`` , ``handler404`` is set to
``'django.views.defaults.page_not_found'`` by default.
这句话负责当前模块中的 ``handler404`` 设置。正如你所见,在 ``django/conf/urls/defaults.py`` 中, ``handler404`` 默认被设为 ``'django.views.defaults.page_not_found'`` 。
1235天前 翻译
83#翻译
There are three things to note about 404 views:
关于404视图,有三点需要注意:
1270天前 翻译
84#翻译
*   The 404 view is also called if Django doesnt find a match after checking
    every regular expression in the URLconf.
*   当Django在URLconf无法找到匹配的正则表达式时,404视图会显示。
1270天前 翻译
85#翻译
*   If you dont define your own 404 view and simply use the default, which is
    recommended you still have one obligation: to create a ``404.html``
    template in the root of your template directory. The default 404 view will
    use that template for all 404 errors.
*   如果没有定义自己的404视图,而只是简单地使用默认的视图,此时就需要在模板目录的根目录创建一个 ``404.html`` 模板。默认的404视图会对所有404错误使用改模板。
1270天前 翻译
86#翻译
*   If ``DEBUG`` is set to ``True`` (in your settings module), then your 404
    view will never be used, and the traceback will be displayed instead.
*   若 ``DEBUG`` 被设为 ``True`` (在settings模块内),则404视图不会被使用,此时显示的是跟踪信息。
1270天前 翻译
87#翻译
Customizing the 500 (Server Error) View
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
自定义 500 (服务器错误) 视图
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
1270天前 翻译
88#翻译
Similarly, Django executes special-case behavior in the case of runtime errors
in view code. If a view results in an exception, Django will, by default, call
the view ``django.views.defaults.server_error`` , which loads and renders the
template ``500.html`` .
同样地,若是在试图代码中出现了运行时错误,Django会进行特殊情况处理。如果视图引发了一个异常,Django会默认访问视图 ``django.views.defaults.server_error`` ,加载并显示模板 ``500.html`` 。
1270天前 翻译
89#翻译
This means you need to define a ``500.html`` template in your root template
directory. This template will be used for all server errors.
这意味着需要在根模板目录定义一个 ``500.html`` 模板。该模板作用于所有服务器错误。
1270天前 翻译
90#翻译
This ``server_error`` view should suffice for 99% of Web applications, but if
you want to override the view, you can specify ``handler500`` in your URLconf,
like so:
视图 ``server_error`` 适用于99%的网站应用程序,但若是希望重载该视图,可以在URLconf中指定 ``handler500`` ,就像这样:
1270天前 translating.... 翻译