The Django Book

AutoField

AutoField

An IntegerField that automatically increments according to available IDs. You usually wont need to use this directly; a primary key field will automatically be added to your model if you dont specify otherwise.

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BooleanField

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A true/false field.

一个真��（true/false）字段。

CharField

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A string field, for small- to large-sized strings. For large amounts of text, use TextField .

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CharField has an extra required argument, maxlength , which is the maximum length (in characters) of the field. This maximum length is enforced at the database level and in Djangos validation.

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CommaSeparatedIntegerField

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A field of integers separated by commas. As in CharField , the maxlength argument is required.

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DateField

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A date field. DateField has a few extra optional arguments, as shown in Table B-1.

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DateTimeField

DateTimeField

A date and time field. It takes the same extra options as DateField .

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EmailField

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A CharField that checks that the value is a valid email address. This doesnt accept maxlength ; its maxlength is automatically set to 75.

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FileField

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A file-upload field. It has one required argument, as shown in Table B-3.

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This path may contain strftime formatting (see http://www.djangoproject.com/r/python/strftime/), which will be replaced by the date/time of the file upload (so that uploaded files dont fill up the given directory).

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Using a FileField or an ImageField in a model takes a few steps:

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1. In your settings file, youll need to define MEDIA_ROOT as the full path to a directory where youd like Django to store uploaded files. (For performance, these files are not stored in the database.) Define MEDIA_URL as the base public URL of that directory. Make sure that this directory is writable by the Web servers user account.

1. 在settings文件中你需�定义 MEDIA_ROOT ，它就是你��存上传文件的目录的全路径。（出于性能考虑，这些文件�会�存到数�库中。）还�定义 MEDIA_URL ，刚�那个目录的对外URL。你�确�网络�务器使用的用户对这个目录是�写入的。

2. Add the FileField or ImageField to your model, making sure to define the upload_to option to tell Django to which subdirectory of MEDIA_ROOT it should upload files.

2. 在模型中添加 FileField 或者 ImageField ，务必�定义 upload_to 选项，这样Django�知�把上传的文件写到 MEDIA_ROOT 的哪个�目录中。

3. All that will be stored in your database is a path to the file (relative to MEDIA_ROOT ). Youll most likely want to use the convenience get_<fieldname>_url function provided by Django. For example, if your ImageField is called mug_shot , you can get the absolute URL to your image in a template with {{ object.get_mug_shot_url }} .

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For example, say your MEDIA_ROOT is set to '/home/media' , and upload_to is set to 'photos/%Y/%m/%d' . The '%Y/%m/%d' part of upload_to is strftime formatting; '%Y' is the four-digit year, '%m' is the two-digit month, and '%d' is the two-digit day. If you upload a file on January 15, 2007, it will be saved in the directory /home/media/photos/2007/01/15 .

例如,你的 MEDIA_ROOT 设置为 '/home/media' ， upload_to 设置为 'photos/%Y/%m/%d' 。其中 '%Y/%m/%d' 部分是日期格�化串： '%Y' 为4�的年份， '%m' 是两�月份， '%d' 是两�的日期。如果你在2007年1月15日上传文件，这个文件就会被�存在 /home/media/photos/2007/01/15 目录下。

If you want to retrieve the upload files on-disk file name, or a URL that refers to that file, or the files size, you can use the get_FIELD_filename() , get_FIELD_url() , and get_FIELD_size() methods. See Appendix C for a complete explanation of these methods.

如果你想得到上传文件在�盘上的文件�，或者指�该文件的URL，或者文件大�，你�以分别使用这些方法： get_FIELD_filename() � get_FIELD_url() 和 get_FIELD_size() 。附录C中有这些方法的详细解释。

Note

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Whenever you deal with uploaded files, you should pay close attention to where youre uploading them and what type of files they are, to avoid security holes. Validate all uploaded files so that youre sure the files are what you think they are.

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For example, if you blindly let somebody upload files, without validation, to a directory thats within your Web servers document root, then somebody could upload a CGI or PHP script and execute that script by visiting its URL on your site. Dont let that happen!

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FilePathField

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A field whose choices are limited to the file names in a certain directory on the filesystem. It has three special arguments, as shown in Table B-4.

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Of course, these arguments can be used together.

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The one potential gotcha is that match applies to the base file name, not the full path. So, this example:

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FilePathField(path="/home/images", match="foo.*", recursive=True)

will match /home/images/foo.gif but not /home/images/foo/bar.gif because the match applies to the base file name (foo.gif and bar.gif ).

会匹� /home/images/foo.gif ，但是�会匹� /home/images/foo/bar.gif ，因为 match �作用于基文件�（ foo.gif 和 bar.gif ）。

FloatField

FloatField

A floating-pint number, represented in Python by a float instance. It has two required arguments, as shown in Table B-2.

一个浮点数，对应Python中的 float 实例。它有两个 必需 的�数，如表B-4所示。

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For example, to store numbers up to 999 with a resolution of two decimal places, youd use the following:

例如，��存最大值为999并且有两��数的数字，应该这样写：

models.FloatField(..., max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)

And to store numbers up to approximately 1 billion with a resolution of ten decimal places, you would use this:

��存最大值为10亿并且带10个�数�的数字，�这样写：

models.FloatField(..., max_digits=19, decimal_places=10)

ImageField

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Like FileField , but validates that the uploaded object is a valid image. It has two extra optional arguments, height_field and width_field , which, if set, will be autopopulated with the height and width of the image each time a model instance is saved.

� FileField 一样，��过�验�上传的对象是一个有效的图片。它有两个�外的�选�数： height_field 和 width_field ，如果设置了的�，�当模型实例被�存的时候，这两个值就会被设置�图片的高度和宽度。

In addition to the special get_FIELD_* methods that are available for FileField , an ImageField also has get_FIELD_height() and get_FIELD_width() methods. These are documented in Appendix C.

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ImageField requires the Python Imaging Library (http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/).

ImageField �赖Python图片库（ http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/ ）。

IntegerField

IntegerField

An integer.

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IPAddressField

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An IP address, in string format (e.g., "24.124.1.30" ).

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NullBooleanField

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Like a BooleanField , but allows None /NULL as one of the options. Use this instead of a BooleanField with null=True .

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PhoneNumberField

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A CharField that checks that the value is a valid U.S.-style phone number (in the format XXX-XXX-XXXX ).

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Note

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If you need to represent a phone number from another country, check the django.contrib.localflavor package to see if field definitions for your country are included.

如果你需�表示一个其他国家的电���，检查 django.contrib.localflavor 包，看看是�包括对应你的国家的字段定义。

PositiveIntegerField

PositiveIntegerField

Like an IntegerField , but must be positive.

和 IntegerField 类似，但必须是正值。

PositiveSmallIntegerField

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Like a PositiveIntegerField , but only allows values under a certain point. The maximum value allowed by these fields is database dependent, but since databases have a 2-byte small integer field, the maximum positive small integer is usually 65,535.

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SlugField

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Slug is a newspaper term. A slug is a short label for something, containing only letters, numbers, underscores, or hyphens. Theyre generally used in URLs.

嵌�是报纸业的术语。 嵌� 就是一段内容的简短标签，这段内容�能包�字��数字�下划线或连字符。通常用于URL中。

Like a CharField , you can specify maxlength . If maxlength is not specified, Django will use a default length of 50.

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A SlugField implies db_index=True since slugs are primarily used for database lookups.

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SlugField accepts an extra option, prepopulate_from , which is a list of fields from which to autopopulate the slug, via JavaScript, in the objects admin form:

SlugField 接�一个�外的选项： prepopulate_from ，它是一些字段的列表，而这些字段将在对象管�表�中通过JavaScript生�嵌�。

models.SlugField(prepopulate_fpom=("pre_name", "name"))

prepopulate_from doesnt accept DateTimeField names as arguments.

prepopulate_from �接� DateTimeField 字段的�字作为�数。

SmallIntegerField

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Like an IntegerField , but only allows values in a certain database-dependent range (usually -32,768 to +32,767).

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TextField

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An unlimited-length text field.

一个��长度的文字字段。

TimeField

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A time of day. It accepts the same autopopulation options as DateField and DateTimeField .

时分秒的时间显示。它接�的�指定�数与 DateField 和 DateTimeField 相�。

URLField

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A field for a URL. If the verify_exists option is True (the default), the URL given will be checked for existence (i.e., the URL actually loads and doesnt give a 404 response).

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Like other character fields, URLField takes the maxlength argument. If you dont specify maxlength , a default of 200 is used.

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USStateField

USStateField

A two-letter U.S. state abbreviation.

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Note

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If you need to represent other countries or states, look first in the django.contrib.localflavor package to see if Django already includes fields for your locale.

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XMLField

XMLField

A TextField that checks that the value is valid XML that matches a given schema. It takes one required argument, schema_path , which is the filesystem path to a RELAX NG (http://www.relaxng.org/) schema against which to validate the field.

它就是一个 TextField ，��过�检查值是匹�指定schema的�法XML。它有一个必需�数： schema_path ，它是验�字段�法性所需的RELAX NG（ http://www.relaxng.org/ ）schema的物�路径。

Requires jing (http://thaiopensource.com/relaxng/jing.html) to validate the XML.

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null

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If True , Django will store empty values as NULL in the database. The default is False .

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Note that empty string values will always get stored as empty strings, not as NULL . Only use null=True for nonstring fields such as integers, Booleans, and dates. For both types of fields, you will also need to set blank=True if you wish to permit empty values in forms, as the null parameter only affects database storage (see the following section, titled blank).

记�，空字符串值�存时总是以空字符串的形�存在，而�是 NULL 。一般�对�字符串字段使用 null=True ，比如整型�布尔型和日期型。对于这两�字段，如果你�许表�中的对应值为空的�，你还需�设定 blank=True ，因为 null �数�影�数�库存储（��下�题为blank的一节）。

Avoid using null on string-based fields such as CharField and TextField unless you have an excellent reason. If a string-based field has null=True , that means it has two possible values for no data: NULL and the empty string. In most cases, its redundant to have two possible values for no data; Djangos convention is to use the empty string, not NULL .

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blank

blank

If True , the field is allowed to be blank. The default is False .

如果是 True ，该字段�许留空，默认为 False 。

Note that this is different from null . null is purely database related, whereas blank is validation related. If a field has blank=True , validation on Djangos admin site will allow entry of an empty value. If a field has blank=False , the field will be required.

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choices

choices

An iterable (e.g., a list, tuple, or other iterable Python object) of two tuples to use as choices for this field.

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If this is given, Djangos admin interface will use a select box instead of the standard text field and will limit choices to the choices given.

如果指定了这个选项，Django管�界��会使用标准的文本框了，而是�而代之，使用列表选择框�定选择范围。

A choices list looks like this:

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YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = (
    ('FR', 'Freshman'),
    ('SO', 'Sophomore'),
    ('JR', 'Junior'),
    ('SR', 'Senior'),
    ('GR', 'Graduate'),
)

The first element in each tuple is the actual value to be stored. The second element is the human-readable name for the option.

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The choices list can be defined either as part of your model class:

选项列表既�以作为模型类的一部分�定义：

class Foo(models.Model):
    GENDER_CHOICES = (
        ('M', 'Male'),
        ('F', 'Female'),
    )
    gender = models.CharField(maxlength=1, choices=GENDER_CHOICES)

or outside your model class altogether:

也�以定义到模型类的外�：

GENDER_CHOICES = (
    ('M', 'Male'),
    ('F', 'Female'),
)
class Foo(models.Model):
    gender = models.CharField(maxlength=1, choices=GENDER_CHOICES)

For each model field that has choices set, Django will add a method to retrieve the human-readable name for the fields current value. See Appendix C for more details.

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db_column

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The name of the database column to use for this field. If this isnt given, Django will use the fields name. This is useful when youre defining a model around a database that already exists.

当�字段在数�库中对应的列的�字。如果没有指定的�，Django会使用这个字段的�字。当你�定义一个数�库中存在命�冲�的模型时，这个选项�常有用。

If your database column name is an SQL reserved word, or if it contains characters that arent allowed in Python variable names (notably the hyphen), thats OK. Django quotes column and table names behind the scenes.

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db_index

db_index

If True , Django will create a database index on this column when creating the table (i.e., when running manage.py syncdb ). ta default -

如果为 True ，Django会在创建表格（比如�行 manage.py syncdb ）时对这一列创建数�库索引。

The default value for the field.

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editable

editable

If False , the field will not be editable in the admin interface or via form processing. The default is True .

如果为 False ，这个字段在管�界�或表�里将�能编辑。默认为 True 。

help_text

help_text

Extra help text to be displayed under the field on the objects admin form. Its useful for documentation even if your object doesnt have an admin form.

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primary_key

primary_key

If True , this field is the primary key for the model.

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If you dont specify primary_key=True for any fields in your model, Django will automatically add this field:

如果你没有对模型中的任何字段指定 primary_key=True 的�，Django会自动添加这个字段：

id = models.AutoField('ID', primary_key=True)

Thus, you dont need to set primary_key=True on any of your fields unless you want to override the default primary-key behavior.

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primary_key=True implies blank=False , null=False , and unique=True . Only one primary key is allowed on an object.

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radio_admin

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By default, Djangos admin uses a select-box interface (<select>) for fields that are ForeignKey or have choices set. If radio_admin is set to True , Django will use a radio-button interface instead.

默认地，对于 ForeignKey 或者拥有 choices 设置的字段，Django管�界�会使用列表选择框（<select>）。如果 radio_admin 设置为 True 的�，Django就会使用�选按钮界�。

Dont use this for a field unless its a ForeignKey or has choices set.

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unique

unique

If True , the value for this field must be unique throughout the table.

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unique_for_date

unique_for_date

Set to the name of a DateField or DateTimeField to require that this field be unique for the value of the date field, for example:

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class Story(models.Model):
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
    slug = models.SlugField(unique_for_date="pub_date")
    ...

In the preceding code, Django wont allow the creation of two stories with the same slug published on the same date. This differs from using a unique_together constraint in that only the date of the pub_date field is taken into account; the time doesnt matter.

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unique_for_month

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Like unique_for_date , but requires the field to be unique with respect to the month of the given field.

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unique_for_year

unique_for_year

Like unique_for_date and unique_for_month , but for an entire year.

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verbose_name

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Each field type, except for ForeignKey , ManyToManyField , and OneToOneField , takes an optional first positional argument a verbose name. If the verbose name isnt given, Django will automatically create it using the fields attribute name, converting underscores to spaces.

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In this example, the verbose name is "Person's first name" :

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first_name = models.CharField("Person's first name", maxlength=30)

In this example, the verbose name is "first name" :

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first_name = models.CharField(maxlength=30)

ForeignKey , ManyToManyField , and OneToOneField require the first argument to be a model class, so use the verbose_name keyword argument:

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poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll, verbose_name="the related poll")
sites = models.ManyToManyField(Site, verbose_name="list of sites")
place = models.OneToOneField(Place, verbose_name="related place")

The convention is not to capitalize the first letter of the verbose_name . Django will automatically capitalize the first letter where it needs to.

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Many-to-One Relationships

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To define a many-to-one relationship, use ForeignKey . You use it just like any other Field type: by including it as a class attribute of your model.

用 ForeignKey �定义多对一的关系。用法和其他的 Field 是一样的，把它放到模型中类的属性定义中就行了。

ForeignKey requires a positional argument: the class to which the model is related.

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For example, if a Car model has a Manufacturer that is, a Manufacturer makes multiple cars but each Car only has one Manufacturer use the following definitions:

例如，一个 Car 模型中有个 Manufacturer ，就是说一个 Manufacturer �以生产很多汽车，但是�个 Car �能有一个 Manufacturer ，�以这样定义：

class Manufacturer(models.Model):
    ...

class Car(models.Model):
    manufacturer = models.ForeignKey(Manufacturer)
    ...

To create a recursive relationship an object that has a many-to-one relationship with itself use models.ForeignKey('self') :

�建立一个 递归 的关系——就是一个对象和自身有多对一的关系——�以这样写： models.ForeignKey('self') ：

class Employee(models.Model):
    manager = models.ForeignKey('self')

If you need to create a relationship on a model that has not yet been defined, you can use the name of the model, rather than the model object itself:

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class Car(models.Model):
    manufacturer = models.ForeignKey('Manufacturer')
    ...

class Manufacturer(models.Model):
    ...

Note, however, that you can only use strings to refer to models in the same models.py file you cannot use a string to reference a model in a different application, or to reference a model that has been imported from elsewhere.

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Behind the scenes, Django appends "_id" to the field name to create its database column name. In the preceding example, the database table for the Car model will have a manufacturer_id column. (You can change this explicitly by specifying db_column ; see the earlier db_column section.) However, your code should never have to deal with the database column name, unless you write custom SQL. Youll always deal with the field names of your model object.

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Its suggested, but not required, that the name of a ForeignKey field (manufacturer in the example) be the name of the model, in lowercase letters. You can, of course, call the field whatever you want, for example:

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class Car(models.Model):
    company_that_makes_it = models.ForeignKey(Manufacturer)
    # ...

ForeignKey fields take a number of extra arguments for defining how the relationship should work (see Table B-5). All are optional.

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limit_choices_to = {'pub_date__lte': datetime.now}

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Many-to-Many Relationships

多对多关系

To define a many-to-many relationship, use ManyToManyField . Like ForeignKey , ManyToManyField requires a positional argument: the class to which the model is related.

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For example, if a Pizza has multiple Topping objects that is, a Topping can be on multiple pizzas and each Pizza has multiple toppings heres how youd represent that:

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class Topping(models.Model):
    ...

class Pizza(models.Model):
    toppings = models.ManyToManyField(Topping)
    ...

As with ForeignKey , a relationship to self can be defined by using the string 'self' instead of the model name, and you can refer to as-yet undefined models by using a string containing the model name. However, you can only use strings to refer to models in the same models.py file you cannot use a string to reference a model in a different application, or to reference a model that has been imported from elsewhere.

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Its suggested, but not required, that the name of a ManyToManyField (toppings in the example) be a plural term describing the set of related model objects.

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Behind the scenes, Django creates an intermediary join table to represent the many-to-many relationship.

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It doesnt matter which model gets the ManyToManyField , but you need it in only one of the models not in both.

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If youre using the admin interface, ManyToManyField instances should go in the object thats going to be edited in the admin interface. In the preceding example, toppings is in Pizza (rather than Topping having a pizzas ManyToManyField ) because its more natural to think about a Pizza having toppings than a topping being on multiple pizzas. The way its set up in the example, the Pizza admin form would let users select the toppings.

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ManyToManyField objects take a number of extra arguments for defining how the relationship should work (see Table B-6). All are optional.

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class Person(models.Model):
    friends = models.ManyToManyField("self")

class Person(models.Model):
    friends = models.ManyToManyField("self")

db_table

db_table

The name of the database table to use for the model.

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To save you time, Django automatically derives the name of the database table from the name of your model class and the application that contains it. A models database table name is constructed by joining the models app label the name you used in manage.py startapp to the models class name, with an underscore between them.

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For example, if you have an application books (as created by manage.py startapp books ), a model defined as class Book will have a database table named books .

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To override the database table name, use the db_table parameter in class Meta :

通过�写 class Meta 中的 db_table �数�以改�模型映射的数�库表�：

class Book(models.Model):
    ...

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'things_to_read'

If this isnt given, Django will use app_label + '_' + model_class_name . See the section Table Names for more information.

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If your database table name is an SQL reserved word, or it contains characters that arent allowed in Python variable names (notably the hyphen), thats OK. Django quotes column and table names behind the scenes.

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get_latest_by

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The name of a DateField or DateTimeField in the model. This specifies the default field to use in your model Manager s latest() method.

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Heres an example:

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class CustomerOrder(models.Model):
    order_date = models.DateTimeField()
    ...

    class Meta:
        get_latest_by = "order_date"

See Appendix C for more information on the latest() method.

关于 latest() 方法的更多信���考附录C。

order_with_respect_to

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Marks this object as orderable with respect to the given field. This is almost always used with related objects to allow them to be ordered with respect to a parent object. For example, if an Answer relates to a Question object, and a question has more than one answer, and the order of answers matters, youd do this:

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class Answer(models.Model):
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question)
    # ...

    class Meta:
        order_with_respect_to = 'question'

ordering

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The default ordering for the object, for use when obtaining lists of objects:

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class Book(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(maxlength=100)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['title']

This is a tuple or list of strings. Each string is a field name with an optional - prefix, which indicates descending order. Fields without a leading - will be ordered ascending. Use the string "?" to order randomly.

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For example, to order by a title field in ascending order (i.e., A-Z), use this:

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ordering = ['title']

To order by title in descending order (i.e., Z-A), use this:

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ordering = ['-title']

To order by title in descending order, and then by title in ascending order, use this:

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ordering = ['-title', 'author']

Note that, regardless of how many fields are in ordering , the admin site uses only the first field.

注�，无论 ordering 中有多少字段，admin界��使用第一个字段。

permissions

permissions

Extra permissions to enter into the permissions table when creating this object. Add, delete, and change permissions are automatically created for each object that has admin set. This example specifies an extra permission, can_deliver_pizzas :

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class Employee(models.Model):
    ...

    class Meta:
        permissions = (
            ("can_deliver_pizzas", "Can deliver pizzas"),
        )

This is a list or tuple of two tuples in the format (permission_code, human_readable_permission_name) .

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See Chapter 12 for more on permissions.

有关��的更多信���第12章。

unique_together

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Sets of field names that, taken together, must be unique:

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class Employee(models.Model):
    department = models.ForeignKey(Department)
    extension = models.CharField(maxlength=10)
    ...

    class Meta:
        unique_together = [("department", "extension")]

This is a list of lists of fields that must be unique when considered together. Its used in the Django admin interface and is enforced at the database level (i.e., the appropriate UNIQUE statements are included in the CREATE TABLE statement).

这是一个由一些字段列表组�的列表，�个列表里的字段的组�值必须是唯一的。它用于Django管�界�，而且在数�库层是强制�求的（就是说在 CREATE TABLE 语�中会包�一些 UNIQUE 语�）。

verbose_name

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A human-readable name for the object, singular:

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class CustomerOrder(models.Model):
    order_date = models.DateTimeField()
    ...

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "order"

If this isnt given, Django will use a adapted version of the class name in which CamelCase becomes camel case .

如果没有给出此选项，那么Django将会根�类��得到一个�称，例如 CamelCase 就会�� camel case 。

verbose_name_plural

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The plural name for the object:

对象�数形�的�字：

class Sphynx(models.Model):
    ...

    class Meta:
        verbose_name_plural = "sphynges"

If this isnt given, Django will add an s to the verbose_name .

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Manager Names

管�器�称

By default, Django adds a Manager with the name objects to every Django model class. However, if you want to use objects as a field name, or if you want to use a name other than objects for the Manager , you can rename it on a per-model basis. To rename the Manager for a given class, define a class attribute of type models.Manager() on that model, for example:

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from django.db import models

class Person(models.Model):
    ...

    people = models.Manager()

Using this example model, Person.objects will generate an AttributeError exception (since Person doesnt have a objects attribute), but Person.people.all() will provide a list of all Person objects.

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Custom Managers

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You can use a custom Manager in a particular model by extending the base Manager class and instantiating your custom Manager in your model.

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There are two reasons you might want to customize a Manager : to add extra Manager methods, and/or to modify the initial QuerySet the Manager returns.

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from django.db import connection

class PollManager(models.Manager):

    def with_counts(self):
        cursor = connection.cursor()
        cursor.execute("""
            SELECT p.id, p.question, p.poll_date, COUNT(*)
            FROM polls_opinionpoll p, polls_response r
            WHERE p.id = r.poll_id
            GROUP BY 1, 2, 3
            ORDER BY 3 DESC""")
        result_list = []
        for row in cursor.fetchall():
            p = self.model(id=row[0], question=row[1], poll_date=row[2])
            p.num_responses = row[3]
            result_list.append(p)
        return result_list

class OpinionPoll(models.Model):
    question = models.CharField(maxlength=200)
    poll_date = models.DateField()
    objects = PollManager()

class Response(models.Model):
    poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll)
    person_name = models.CharField(maxlength=50)
    response = models.TextField()

class Book(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(maxlength=100)
    author = models.CharField(maxlength=50)

# First, define the Manager subclass.
class DahlBookManager(models.Manager):
    def get_query_set(self):
        return super(DahlBookManager, self).get_query_set().filter(author='Roald Dahl')

# Then hook it into the Book model explicitly.
class Book(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(maxlength=100)
    author = models.CharField(maxlength=50)

    objects = models.Manager() # The default manager.
    dahl_objects = DahlBookManager() # The Dahl-specific manager.

Book.dahl_objects.all()
Book.dahl_objects.filter(title='Matilda')
Book.dahl_objects.count()

class MaleManager(models.Manager):
    def get_query_set(self):
        return super(MaleManager, self).get_query_set().filter(sex='M')

class FemaleManager(models.Manager):
    def get_query_set(self):
        return super(FemaleManager, self).get_query_set().filter(sex='F')

class Person(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(maxlength=50)
    last_name = models.CharField(maxlength=50)
    sex = models.CharField(maxlength=1, choices=(('M', 'Male'), ('F', 'Female')))
    people = models.Manager()
    men = MaleManager()
    women = FemaleManager()

__str__

__str__

__str__() is a Python magic method that defines what should be returned if you call str() on the object. Django uses str(obj) (or the related function, unicode(obj) , described shortly) in a number of places, most notably as the value displayed to render an object in the Django admin site and as the value inserted into a template when it displays an object. Thus, you should always return a nice, human-readable string for the objects __str__ . Although this isnt required, its strongly encouraged.

__str__()是一個Python 魔術的方法，它定義了什麼�西将会被返回�如你调用这个对象的str()。Django 使用str(obj)(或是相�應的函數，unicode(obj)，簡短地�述)，在很多地方，最有�，是這秀出來的值被這個物件�繪在Django 管�站，而且被寫入樣�的值，當它展示一個物件。因此，你必須總是返回一個好的，人類�讀的字串，�這個物件__str__。�使這�是必須的，它還是強列地被鼓勵 。

Heres an example:

這�是一個範例:

class Person(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(maxlength=50)
    last_name = models.CharField(maxlength=50)

    def __str__(self):
        return '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)

get_absolute_url

get_absolute_url

Define a get_absolute_url() method to tell Django how to calculate the URL for an object, for example:

�以通过定义 get_absolute_url() 方法�告诉Django怎样得到一个对象的URL，例如：

def get_absolute_url(self):
    return "/people/%i/" % self.id

Django uses this in its admin interface. If an object defines get_absolute_url() , the object-editing page will have a View on site link that will take you directly to the objects public view, according to get_absolute_url() .

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Also, a couple of other bits of Django, such as the syndication-feed framework, use get_absolute_url() as a convenience to reward people whove defined the method.

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Its good practice to use get_absolute_url() in templates, instead of hard-coding your objects URLs. For example, this template code is bad:

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<a href="/people/{{ object.id }}/">{{ object.name }}</a>

But this template code is good:

但这段模�代�就很优雅：

<a href="{{ object.get_absolute_url }}">{{ object.name }}</a>

The problem with the way we just wrote get_absolute_url() is that it slightly violates the DRY principle: the URL for this object is defined both in the URLconf file and in the model.

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You can further decouple your models from the URLconf using the permalink decorator. This decorator is passed the view function, a list of positional parameters, and (optionally) a dictionary of named parameters. Django then works out the correct full URL path using the URLconf, substituting the parameters you have given into the URL. For example, if your URLconf contained a line such as the following:

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(r'^people/(\d+)/$', 'people.views.details'),

your model could have a get_absolute_url method that looked like this:

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@models.permalink
def get_absolute_url(self):
    return ('people.views.details', [str(self.id)])

Similarly, if you had a URLconf entry that looked like this:

与此类似，如果有这样的一个URLconf：

(r'/archive/(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>\d{1,2})/(?P<day>\d{1,2})/$', archive_view)

you could reference this using permalink() as follows:

你�以�下�那样用permalink()�引用这个链接：

@models.permalink
def get_absolute_url(self):
    return ('archive_view', (), {
        'year': self.created.year,
        'month': self.created.month,
        'day': self.created.day})

Notice that we specify an empty sequence for the second argument in this case, because we want to pass only keyword arguments, not named arguments.

注�，我們指出一個空的�列，在這種案例的第二個�數，因為我們想�傳入�有關�字的�數，�是已命�的�數。

In this way, youre tying the models absolute URL to the view that is used to display it, without repeating the URL information anywhere. You can still use the get_absolute_url method in templates, as before.

用這個方法，你�以試著用模型的絕�URL ，指�view ，被用來展示它， 而��在任何地方�覆URL 訊�。你�然�以使用get_absolute_url方法，在樣��，就�之�一樣

Executing Custom SQL

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Feel free to write custom SQL statements in custom model methods and module-level methods. The object django.db.connection represents the current database connection. To use it, call connection.cursor() to get a cursor object. Then, call cursor.execute(sql, [params]) to execute the SQL, and cursor.fetchone() or cursor.fetchall() to return the resulting rows:

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def my_custom_sql(self):
    from django.db import connection
    cursor = connection.cursor()
    cursor.execute("SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE baz = %s", [self.baz])
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    return row

connection and cursor mostly implement the standard Python DB-API (http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0249.html). If youre not familiar with the Python DB-API, note that the SQL statement in cursor.execute() uses placeholders, "%s" , rather than adding parameters directly within the SQL. If you use this technique, the underlying database library will automatically add quotes and escaping to your parameter(s) as necessary. (Also note that Django expects the "%s" placeholder, not the "?" placeholder, which is used by the SQLite Python bindings. This is for the sake of consistency and sanity.)

connection and cursor最常被實作，在標準的 Python DB-API (http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0249.html).�如你還�夠熟悉Python DB-API，注�在cursor.execute()SQL ��。使用placeholders，%s，甚於直接在SQL�加�數。�如你使用這個技巧，底下的資料庫函�庫將自動的加上引號給你的�數，視需�而定。(也注�Django 期待%splaceholder而�是?placeholder，後者用於SQLite Python連接。這是為了穩定性的考�。

A final note: If all you want to do is use a custom WHERE clause, you can just use the where , tables , and params arguments to the standard lookup API. See Appendix C.

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Overriding Default Model Methods

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As explained in Appendix C, each model gets a few methods automatically most notably, save() and delete() . You can override these methods to alter behavior.

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A classic use-case for overriding the built-in methods is if you want something to happen whenever you save an object, for example:

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class Blog(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(maxlength=100)
    tagline = models.TextField()

    def save(self):
        do_something()
        super(Blog, self).save() # Call the "real" save() method.
        do_something_else()

You can also prevent saving:

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class Blog(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(maxlength=100)
    tagline = models.TextField()

    def save(self):
        if self.name == "Yoko Ono's blog":
            return # Yoko shall never have her own blog!
        else:
            super(Blog, self).save() # Call the "real" save() method

date_hierarchy

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Set date_hierarchy to the name of a DateField or DateTimeField in your model, and the change list page will include a date-based navigation using that field.

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Heres an example:

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class CustomerOrder(models.Model):
    order_date = models.DateTimeField()
    ...

    class Admin:
        date_hierarchy = "order_date"

fields

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Set fields to control the layout of admin interface add and change pages.

設定fields來控制管�畫�的輸出，加上，修改��

fields is a pretty complex nested data structure best demonstrated with an example. The following is taken from the FlatPage model thats part of django.contrib.flatpages :

欄�，是一個�常複雜巢狀的資料�構 ，�以很好的被一個範例展示。以下是擷�自FlatPage模型，這是django.contrib.flatpages的一部分

class FlatPage(models.Model):
    ...

    class Admin:
        fields = (
            (None, {
                'fields': ('url', 'title', 'content', 'sites')
            }),
            ('Advanced options', {
                'classes': 'collapse',
                'fields' : ('enable_comments', 'registration_required', 'template_name')
            }),
        )

Formally, fields is a list of two tuples, in which each two-tuple represents a <fieldset> on the admin form page. (A <fieldset> is a section of the form.)

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The two-tuples are in the format (name, field_options) , where name is a string representing the title of the fieldset and field_options is a dictionary of information about the fieldset, including a list of fields to be displayed in it.

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If fields isnt given, Django will default to displaying each field that isnt an AutoField and has editable=True , in a single fieldset, in the same order as the fields are defined in the model.

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The field_options dictionary can have the keys described in the sections that follow.

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'fields': (('first_name', 'last_name'), 'address', 'city', 'state'),

'classes': 'wide extrapretty',

js

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A list of strings representing URLs of JavaScript files to link into the admin screen via <script src=""> tags. This can be used to tweak a given type of admin page in JavaScript or to provide quick links to fill in default values for certain fields.

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If you use relative URLs that is, URLs that dont start with http:// or / then the admin site will automatically prefix these links with settings.ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX .

list_display

list_display

Set list_display to control which fields are displayed on the change list page of the admin.

If you dont set list_display , the admin site will display a single column that displays the __str__() representation of each object.

Here are a few special cases to note about list_display :

这里是一些专门关于``list_display``的例�：

If the field is a ForeignKey , Django will display the __str__() of the related object.

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ManyToManyField fields arent supported, because that would entail executing a separate SQL statement for each row in the table. If you want to do this nonetheless, give your model a custom method, and add that methods name to list_display . (More information on custom methods in list_display shortly.)

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If the field is a BooleanField or NullBooleanField , Django will display a pretty on or off icon instead of True or False .

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If the string given is a method of the model, Django will call it and display the output. This method should have a short_description function attribute, for use as the header for the field.

Heres a full example model:

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class Person(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(maxlength=50)
    birthday = models.DateField()

    class Admin:
        list_display = ('name', 'decade_born_in')

    def decade_born_in(self):
        return self.birthday.strftime('%Y')[:3] + "0's"
    decade_born_in.short_description = 'Birth decade'

If the string given is a method of the model, Django will HTML-escape the output by default. If youd rather not escape the output of the method, give the method an allow_tags attribute whose value is True .

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Heres a full example model:

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class Person(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(maxlength=50)
    last_name = models.CharField(maxlength=50)
    color_code = models.CharField(maxlength=6)

    class Admin:
        list_display = ('first_name', 'last_name', 'colored_name')

    def colored_name(self):
        return '<span style="color: #%s;">%s %s</span>' % (self.color_code, self.first_name, self.last_name)
    colored_name.allow_tags = True

If the string given is a method of the model that returns True or False , Django will display a pretty on or off icon if you give the method a boolean attribute whose value is True .

Heres a full example model:

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class Person(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(maxlength=50)
    birthday = models.DateField()

    class Admin:
        list_display = ('name', 'born_in_fifties')

    def born_in_fifties(self):
        return self.birthday.strftime('%Y')[:3] == 5
    born_in_fifties.boolean = True

The __str__() methods are just as valid in list_display as any other model method, so its perfectly OK to do this:

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list_display = ('__str__', 'some_other_field')

Usually, elements of list_display that arent actual database fields cant be used in sorting (because Django does all the sorting at the database level).

However, if an element of list_display represents a certain database field, you can indicate this fact by setting the admin_order_field attribute of the item, for example:

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class Person(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(maxlength=50)
    color_code = models.CharField(maxlength=6)

    class Admin:
        list_display = ('first_name', 'colored_first_name')

    def colored_first_name(self):
        return '<span style="color: #%s;">%s</span>' % (self.color_code, self.first_name)
    colored_first_name.allow_tags = True
    colored_first_name.admin_order_field = 'first_name'

The preceding code will tell Django to order by the first_name field when trying to sort by colored_first_name in the admin site.

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list_display_links

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Set list_display_links to control which fields in list_display should be linked to the change page for an object.

By default, the change list page will link the first column the first field specified in list_display to the change page for each item. But list_display_links lets you change which columns are linked. Set list_display_links to a list or tuple of field names (in the same format as list_display ) to link.

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list_display_links can specify one or many field names. As long as the field names appear in list_display , Django doesnt care how many (or how few) fields are linked. The only requirement is that if you want to use list_display_links , you must define list_display .

In this example, the first_name and last_name fields will be linked on the change list page:

在这个例�中，“first_name�和“last_name�将被链接到更改列表页

class Person(models.Model):
    ...

    class Admin:
        list_display = ('first_name', 'last_name', 'birthday')
        list_display_links = ('first_name', 'last_name')

Finally, note that in order to use list_display_links , you must define list_display , too.

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list_filter

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Set list_filter to activate filters in the right sidebar of the change list page of the admin interface. This should be a list of field names, and each specified field should be either a BooleanField , DateField , DateTimeField , or ForeignKey .

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This example, taken from the django.contrib.auth.models.User model, shows how both list_display and list_filter work:

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class User(models.Model):
    ...

    class Admin:
        list_display = ('username', 'email', 'first_name', 'last_name', 'is_staff')
        list_filter = ('is_staff', 'is_superuser')

list_per_page

list_per_page

Set list_per_page to control how many items appear on each paginated admin change list page. By default, this is set to 100 .

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list_select_related

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Set list_select_related to tell Django to use select_related() in retrieving the list of objects on the admin change list page. This can save you a bunch of database queries if youre using related objects in the admin change list display.

The value should be either True or False . The default is False unless one of the list_display fields is a ForeignKey .

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For more on select_related() , see Appendix C.

关于“select_related()�的更多信�，��附录C。

ordering

ordering

Set ordering to specify how objects on the admin change list page should be ordered. This should be a list or tuple in the same format as a models ordering parameter.

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If this isnt provided, the Django admin interface will use the models default ordering.

save_as

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Set save_as to True to enable a save as feature on admin change forms.

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Normally, objects have three save options: Save, Save and continue editing, and Save and add another. If save_as is True , Save and add another will be replaced by a Save as button.

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Save as means the object will be saved as a new object (with a new ID), rather than the old object.

By default, save_as is set to False .

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save_on_top

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Set save_on_top to add save buttons across the top of your admin change forms.

设置 save_on_top 在管��更表�的顶部添加�存按钮。

Normally, the save buttons appear only at the bottom of the forms. If you set save_on_top , the buttons will appear both on the top and the bottom.

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By default, save_on_top is set to False .

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search_fields

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Set search_fields to enable a search box on the admin change list page. This should be set to a list of field names that will be searched whenever somebody submits a search query in that text box.

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These fields should be some kind of text field, such as CharField or TextField . You can also perform a related lookup on a ForeignKey with the lookup API follow notation:

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class Employee(models.Model):
    department = models.ForeignKey(Department)
    ...

    class Admin:
        search_fields = ['department__name']

When somebody does a search in the admin search box, Django splits the search query into words and returns all objects that contain each of the words, case insensitive, where each word must be in at least one of search_fields . For example, if search_fields is set to ['first_name', 'last_name'] and a user searches for john lennon , Django will do the equivalent of this SQL WHERE clause:

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WHERE (first_name ILIKE '%john%' OR last_name ILIKE '%john%')
AND (first_name ILIKE '%lennon%' OR last_name ILIKE '%lennon%')

For faster and/or more restrictive searches, prefix the field name with an operator, as shown in Table B-7.

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WHERE (first_name ILIKE 'john%' OR last_name ILIKE 'john%')
AND (first_name ILIKE 'lennon%' OR last_name ILIKE 'lennon%')

WHERE (first_name ILIKE 'john' OR last_name ILIKE 'john')
AND (first_name ILIKE 'lennon' OR last_name ILIKE 'lennon')

WHERE (first_name ILIKE 'john%' OR last_name ILIKE 'john%')
AND (first_name ILIKE 'lennon%' OR last_name ILIKE 'lennon%')

WHERE (first_name ILIKE 'john' OR last_name ILIKE 'john')
AND (first_name ILIKE 'lennon' OR last_name ILIKE 'lennon')